Yellow medication pills on persons hand

Sophie Johnson

The recent backlash against PReP users on social media has revealed a disturbing truth: HIV stigma is still alive and well. Misguided claims that people should “not have sex” or “avoid HIV-positive partners” highlight a deep-rooted ignorance about the virus. How did we get here, and why does sex education still fall short in addressing these misconceptions?

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a type of medication which can be taken daily or as needed. It is taken as a tablet, which contains two antiviral drugs also used to treat HIV. PReP prevents human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) from entering your body, making it a suitable preventative measure.

In the UK, PReP is available through the NHS. The drug is provided free of charge to those who are at high risk. People can access PReP through sexual health clinics across the country. Eligibility is determined based on factors such as sexual activity, the HIV status of partners, and other risk factors. However, PReP isn’t only taken for sexual health reasons. It can also be used to prevent HIV when injecting drugs by at least 74 per cent. PReP can be an important harm-reduction tool in these cases.

Studies show PReP is highly effective in preventing HIV, reducing the risk of transmission by up to 99 per cent when taken correctly. The introduction of PReP has been a significant milestone in the UK’s fight against HIV. PReP not only protects individuals but also helps to reduce the overall transmission rate, benefiting public health as a whole. PReP empowers individuals to take control of their sexual health, offering a powerful tool alongside other preventive measures. Promoting PReP as a standard preventive measure helps to normalise its use and integrate it into routine sexual health practices, reducing the stigma associated with HIV.

What’s ‘Wrong’ With PReP?

Unfortunately, despite its effectiveness, PReP users often face stigma and misinformation. Education about PReP’s preventative role is key to dispelling myths and encouraging broader acceptance.

Social media platforms, especially X, has seen a rise in criticism directed at PReP users. This criticism can be seen as claims of irresponsibility, misconceptions about PReP and HIV, and moral judgements about sexual choices.

Some users on X argue individuals using PReP are being irresponsible or reckless by engaging in sexual activity. Others suggest that people on PReP should abstain from sex altogether, implying that taking preventive medication is an excuse for unsafe behaviour. This stems from a misunderstanding of PReP’s role, as a preventive measure designed to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, not a free pass for unsafe sex.

Some critics incorrectly believe it is not as effective as it claims, or that it should be used in place of other preventive methods like condoms. In reality, the best preventative measure against HIV would be to use more than one preventive method – taking PReP and using a condom, for example.

Is HIV Still Stigmatised?

There are posts on X suggesting that people using PReP should avoid having sex with HIV-positive partners. The criticism that PReP users should abstain from sex implies those who use PReP are engaging in inappropriate behaviour. This reflects a moral judgement that only those who are HIV-negative should be considered suitable partners, perpetuating harmful stereotypes about HIV-positive individuals. These comments often stem from homophobic attitudes and a lack of understanding of modern HIV treatment and prevention.

“Comprehensive and inclusive sex education is vital for reducing HIV stigma”

The criticism faced by PReP users on social media highlights significant gaps in public understanding and ongoing stigma related to HIV. Addressing these misconceptions is key to reducing the stigma. Often, these misconceptions are due to ineffective sex education or lack of awareness about sexual health.

The Shortcomings In Sex Education

In the UK, sex education is a required part of the curriculum in secondary schools, but it often varies in quality between schools. While the curriculum includes information on HIV and other STDs, the comprehensiveness of this information can vary.

Some schools provide detailed education on transmission methods, prevention strategies and the importance of testing. However, information on PReP is not universally included, depending on the school and local authority.

Areas such as London, which accounts for 36.5% of people receiving HIV care in 2022, should make PReP a key part of sex education, where the population are more likely to be impacted by HIV.

Effective sex education in the UK should use interactive and comprehensive approaches. Open, inclusive discussions and personal stories from those living with HIV can enhance understanding and empathy in students.

Sex Education Teaches HIV Stigma

But, unfortunately, many schools still offer an abstinence-focused method of teaching, which leads to heightened misconceptions, particularly regarding conditions such as HIV. Teachers in the UK may not always receive adequate training on how to effectively teach about HIV and other STDs. This can lead to gaps in knowledge and confidence in delivering these topics.

Government guidelines encourage schools to provide relevant information for LGBTQ+ students. Despite these efforts, some schools still struggle to fully integrate LGBTQ+ issues into their programs. This leaves gaps in education about HIV risks specific to these communities. Addressing these gaps in the UK is necessary to make sex education programs effective. Comprehensive and inclusive sex education is vital for reducing HIV stigma and ensuring young people have the knowledge to protect themselves and others.

How Can These Misconceptions Be Addressed?

One way to address these common misconceptions would be to improve the sexual education given in schools. There could also be community outreach or adult education programmes. These should cover prevention methods like PReP, the realities of living with HIV and the science behind transmission. Most of the stigma around HIV is due to a lack of awareness, so there is a need to address concerns and promote open dialogue.

“Media outlets should highlight stories of individuals living successfully with HIV”

Increased public health campaigns are another potential method. Campaigns need to target diverse audiences and address various aspects of stigma, including misconceptions and discriminatory attitudes. Interactive methods, such as social media campaigns and community events, can engage the public in discussions about sexually transmitted diseases. This approach could foster a more informed and supportive community while addressing stigma directly and promoting inclusivity.

Representation Of HIV In The Media

Lastly, there is a need for positive and accurate portrayals of HIV in the media. Media outlets should highlight stories of individuals living successfully with HIV and showcase the advancements in treatment and prevention. News coverage of HIV should be factual and respectful, avoiding the perpetuation of stereotypes. Responsible reporting can influence public perceptions and contribute to reducing stigma.

Reducing stigma and improving public understanding of HIV requires a multi-faceted approach. By addressing misconceptions and fostering an inclusive environment, it is possible to enhance both individual well-being and public health outcomes.

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Featured image courtesy of Alexander Grey on Unsplash. No changes were made to this image. Image license can be found here. 

Soph is a recent languages graduate, a self-proclaimed musicophile, hot chocolate connoisseur, and a sort-of polyglot. She is also an avid lover of film photography, movies, and books.

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